LIBRO DE CÓDIGOS / CODE BOOK

Case_# = Article number

Year = Year of publication

Journal = Journal name

Journal_# = Journal
(1)	APSR (American Political Science Review,)
(2)	AJPS (American Journal of Political Science)
(3)	JOP (Journal of Politics)
(4)	CP (Comparative Politics)
(5)	CPS (Comparative Political Studies)
(6)	WP (World Politics)

Authors = Surname of (first) author

Title = Article title

Articles = Number of articles (case count)

Method = Research method
(0)	Qualitative research
(1)	Quantitative research

In our view, what distinguishes quantitative research is not the use of numerical information (the form of the data), but its statistical treatment (its mode of inference) (for a more extensive discussion, see Schedler and Mudde 2010: “Defining Quantitative Research”). Accordingly, we classify empirical research as quantitative when its primary inference (be it causal or descriptive) is supported by statistical techniques of data processing.

The types of statistical analysis we demand to code articles as quantitative are not very demanding. While the presentation of frequency counts, means, and percentages is not enough, we do not require more than the use of basic statistical techniques of data reduction and inference, such as correlation analysis, the estimation of confidence intervals, or the comparison of means through t-tests.

Besides, we do not weight the importance of statistical procedures for the overall argument. We see no viable way of doing this. Thus, for the sake of reliability, we classify articles as quantitative whenever they employ some kind of statistical technique of data processing, however modest. In very few cases (less than half a dozen in our sample of several hundred), it is actually only one or two minuscule statistical exercises that separate “quantitative” pieces from their “qualitative” neighbors. In these cases, the dividing line between research methods is very thin (list of cases available from authors upon request).

Design_# = Number of countries covered by study

Design_A = Aggregate country coverage
(1)	Case study
(2)	Paired comparison
(3)	3-10 Countries
(4)	11-20 Countries
(5)	21-100 Countries
(6)	> 100 Countries

Region = World regions studied in article (one or more countries)
(0)	Worldwide
(1)	Industrial countries
(2)	Developing countries
(3)	Western Europe
(4)	Eastern Europe
(5)	Former Soviet Union
(6)	Middle East and Northern Africa
(7)	Sub-Saharan Africa
(8)	Asia
(9)	Latin America
(10)	Multi-regional study

Region_A = World regions studied in article (aggregate)
(0)	Worldwide
(1)	Industrial countries
(2)	Post-communist region
(3)	Africa
(4)	Asia
(5)	Latin America
(6)	Multi-region study

THEME = Primary substantive theme of research
Political Institutions:
(1)	States and regimes: state building, state capacity, state failure, civil war; democracy and authoritarianism, regime change and stability, democratic quality, rule of law; federalism and decentralization.
(2)	Executives and legislatures: Government composition, termination, and duration; presidents and coalition governments; legislative organization and legislative politics; executive-legislative relations.
(3)	Courts: judicial politics.
(4)	Bureaucracies: Bureaucratic decision-making, political control of bureaucracies, recruitment of civil servants.
(5)	Military: Military policies, military coups, civil-military relations.
(6)	Parties and elections: party systems, party organization, party coalitions, party identification; electoral systems, electoral campaigns; voter behaviour, turnout.

Public Policies:
(7)	Economic, social, and labor policies: Macroeconomic policies, economic performance, fiscal and expenditure policies; social and labor policies, welfare states and welfare reform, corporatism, wage regimes.
(8)	Environmental policies: Environmental policy making.
(9)	Cultural policies: culture policies, educational policies; immigration and integration policies; ethical policies (e.g. euthanasia and abortion).

State-Society Relations:
(10)	Public opinion and civil society: Citizen attitudes towards politics, political values and beliefs; civic associations, social movements (including business and labor), trust and social capital, political participation; media structure and ownership, media effects.
(11)	Gender: State feminism, gender relations and differences, women representation.
(12)	Corruption and clientelism: public integrity, corruption, clientelism, patronage.
(13)	Ethnicity and nationalism: Ethnic politics, secession, nationalism, multiculturalism.
(14)	Various.

Since articles may touch several research themes, situating them in one field often does not accurately reflect their substantive breadth. In doubtful cases, we gave precedence to the dependent variable(s) the article aims to explain. Quantitative comparative research, in particular, tends to be y-centered rather than centered. With explanatory variables x often covering a broad range of phenomena, it is usually the explanandum y that provides its substantive focus.

Subfield = Subfield of research
(1)	Political Institutions
(2)	Public Policy
(3)	State-Society Relations

DS_country = Country-specific dataset
(0)	No
(1)	Employed for dependent variable/s
(2)	Employed for independent variable/s
(3)	Both

DS_country_B = Country-specific dataset (binary measure)
(0)	No
(1)	Yes

DS_region = Region-specific dataset
(0)	No
(1)	Employed for dependent variables
(2)	Employed for independent variables
(3)	Both

DS_region_B = Region-specific dataset (binary measure)
(0)	No
(1)	Yes

DS_author = Original data developed by author (ordinal measure)
(0)	None
(1)	Partial data development
(2)	Introduction of fully original measures

We credited authors with full data development if they constructed at least one variable in their dataset from qualitative sources. We counted their efforts as partial data development if they modified or extended, in either substantive, temporal, or geographic terms, at least one variable contained in a publicly available dataset (but not if they only recoded or aggregated existing measures).

DS_author_B = Original data developed by author (binary measure)
(0)	No
(1)	Either partial or fully development of data (one variable at minimum)

INDIVIDUAL DATASETS = 
(1)	Data used for dependent variable/s
(2)	Data used for independent variable/s
(3)	Data used for both DV and IV
Blank spaces (Dataset not included in analysis)

FHCL = Freedom House: Civil liberties

FHPR = Freedom House: Political rights

FHAS = Freedom House: Aggregate scores

FHPRESS = Freedom House: Freedom of the press

XRCOMP = Polity: Competitiveness of executive recruitment

XROPEN = Polity: Openness of executive recruitment

XCONST = Polity: Constraints on chief executive

PARCOMP = Polity: Competitiveness of political participation

POLITY = Polity: Aggregated indices

DPI_PART = World Bank DPI: Parties and party systems

DPI_ELEC = World Bank DPI: Electoral systems

DPI_CB = World Bank DPI: Checks and balances

GOV_VA = WB Governance: Voice and accountability

GOV_STAB = WB Governance: Political stability

GOV_EFF = WB Governance: Government effectiveness

GOV_REG = WB Governance: Regulatory quality

GOV_LAW = WB Governance: Rule of law

GOV_CORR = WB Governance: Corruption control

CNTS_CON = CNTS Banks: Conflict events

CNTS_REG = CNTS Banks: Political regimes

CNTS_PAR = CNTS Banks: Elections and parties

WVS = World Values Surveys

CSES = CSES Comparative Study of Electoral Systems

ISSP = ISSP International Social Survey Programme

GLOBAR = Global Barometer Data

PITF = PITF State Failure: Political Instability Task Force

COW = COW Correlates of War

MAR = MAR Minorities at Risk

Uppsala = Uppsala Conflict Database

CIRI = Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Data

Gibney = Mark Gibney: Political Terror Scale

Rummel = R.J. Rummel: Genocide and Mass Murder

TERRMIPT = MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base

TERRTRC = TRC Database on Terrorist Incidents

TERRICT = ICT Terrorism Data

PACL = PACL Przeworski, Alvarez, Cheibub & Limongi: Regime database

Geddes = Geddes: Political Regimes

BTI = BTI Bertelsmann Transformation Index

TI = TI Transparency International Corruption Perception Index

Henisz = Henisz: Political Constraints

Alesina = Alesina: Fractionalization Indices

PRS = PRS Political Risk Services

Laver = Laver and Hunt: Policy and party competition

Lijphart = Lijphart Elections Archive

Kauffman = Kaufman and Segura-Ubriego: Globalization, domestic politics, and social spending

Swank = Swank: Capitalist democracies

Mackie = Mackie and Rose: International Almanac of Electoral History

Nohlen = Nohlen: Election data

Castles = Castles and Mair: Left-Right-Scales

Atlas = World Atlas of Elections

File = Elections on File

Inglehart = Huber and Inglehart: Party locations

Browne = Browne and Dreijmanis: Government coalitions

Bratton = Bratton and van de Walle: Regimes and transitions in Africa

Bates = Bates: Harvard University African Research Program Data

Huber = Huber, Ragin and Stephens: Parties and welfare state

Armingeon = Armingeon, Beyeler and Menegale: CPDS Comparative Political Data Set

Golden = Golden, Lange and Wallerstein: Union centralization

Woldendorp = Woldendorp, Keman, and Budge: Party government

Raunio = Raunio: Parties and legislators

Feng = Feng, Kugler and Zak: Politics of fertility

ICPP = International Comparative Political Parties

Katz = Katz and Mair: Party organization

SIPRI = SIPRI Yearbook

Gasiorowski = Gasiorowski: Crisis and political change

Lange = Lange and Garret: Politics of growth

YIO = Yearbook of International Organization

Crepaz = Lijphart and Crepaz: Corporatism and consensus democracy

Schmidt = Schmidt: Policy fields

Garret = Garret and Lange: Politics of growth

Thompson = TDS Thompson Data Solutions

Fearon = Fearon: Ethnic Structure and Cultural Diversity

IDEA = International IDEA: Voter turnout

Delury = Delury: World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties

Leftist_parties = Broadleft.org: Leftist Parties of the World

Banks = Banks: Political Handbook of the World

Lentz = Heads of States and Governments: A worldwide encyclopedia

Cheibub_Gandhi = Cheibub & Gandhi: Classifying political regimes

Bienen_vandeWalle = Bienen & van de Walle: Leadership duration in the modern world

Zarate = Zarate: World political leaders, 1945-2005

Posner = Posner: Measuring ethnic fractionalization in Africa

Huber_etal = Huber, Ragin & Stephens: Comparative welfare state data set

Scruggs = Scruggs: Welfare State Entitlements Data Set

ESS = ESS European Social Survey

ODIHR = ODIHR Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights

EVS = EVS European Values Study

ICRG = ICRG International Country Risk Guide

Doyle_Sambanis = Doyle and Sambanis: Peacebuilding Dataset

Kenworthy_Malami = Kenworthy and Malami: Gender Inequality in Political Representation

Marks = Marks, Steenbergen & Ray: Party Positioning on European Integration

Golder = Golder: Democratic Electoral Systems Around the World

Johnson_Wallack = Johnson & Wallack: Database of Electoral Systems and the Personal Vote

CMP = Comparative Manifesto Project

Tsebelis = Tsbelis Veto players data

Vanhanen = Vanhanen: Index of Democratization

Taylor_Jodice = Taylor & Jodice: World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators

Powell = Powell: Contemporary Democracies: Participation, stability and violence